http://articles.boston.com/
Robert Kuttner
February 22, 2012|By Robert Kuttner
The other day , Jörg Krämer, chief economist for Commerzbank in Frankfurt , said of the Greeks, ‘‘If you live beyond your means, then you can repair your balance sheet only if your consumption goes down.’’ This sentiment has become a German mantra. Germany ’s price for the latest bailout deal has been an insistence on an ever-more intense and self-defeating Greek austerity program, which has now pushed Greece to the brink of a social catastrophe. But the Germans might take a moment and reflect on their own history.
In the aftermath of World War II, the Allies, remembering the disastrous consequences of German reparations after the first World War, did not insist on their pound of flesh. The entire Nazi public debt, amounting to over 600 percent of German GDP, was written off.
The pre-existing unpaid debt from the Weimar period was written down to a fraction of its original cost. Claims on old debt were strictly segregated from German reconstruction funds. The German Federal Republic finally paid off the last bit only in 2010.
Germany surely lived well beyond its means during the Nazi era, plundering the rest of Europe as well. The allies would have been within their rights to demand that Germany pay for its sins by reducing its consumption, but this time wiser heads prevailed. The Americans not only agreed to write off old debts, but gave the Germans billions of dollars in Marshall Aid.
The German Federal Republic itself, after 1989, did not condemn the former East Germany to austerity as a remedy for its fictitious communist economy. Instead, Chancellor Helmut Kohl allowed the Ossies to exchange their nearly worthless ostmarks for deutsche marks at the inflated rate of 1 to 1, and then poured the equivalent of more than a trillion euros into the reconstruction of the eastern economy.
If the Allies, and later the government of Germany itself, had practiced what the Germans are now preaching, Germany today would be a much poorer country.
One recalls Edmund Burke’s sage 1775 oration addressed to George III on the perversity of the British government’s harsh policy towards its restive North American colonies. Burke averred, ‘‘The question with me is not whether you have a right to render your people miserable, but whether it is not your interest to make them happy.’’
Germany gains little and Europe stands to lose much by condemning the Greeks to misery as punishment for past profligacy. The Germans are also playing with fire. Greece is a nation that had a military dictatorship as recently as the 1974. No democracy can sustain this kind of economic punishment. What, then, to do?
Normally, a country that lost the confidence of its foreign lenders would devalue, disguising the decline in living standards and at the same time making its exports more competitive. But Greece ’s membership in the euro zone precludes that. It is also true that Greek public administration and tax collection are a mess.
So how to emulate the spirit of the Allies’ macroeconomic mercy toward the Germans after 1945 and the West German far-sighted generosity toward their Ossie cousins after 1989?
In June, the Greek Parliament voted for an austerity program of 28 billion euros in budget cuts and tax increases over five years. Because dwindling GDP produces lower revenues, the latest agreement requires some 6 billion more. These are devastating sums for Greece , but small in the context of the EU’s entire GDP, of which Greece is just 2 percent.
Why not couple Greek budget and tax reform with a large infusion of funds for economic modernization and public improvements in the spirit of the Marshall Plan?
Young Greeks, instead of looking at 40 percent unemployment, could gain productive jobs. The entire Greek economy would gain a big macroeconomic boost and a path to greater competitiveness.
Most importantly, the EU would gain the moral authority to work with Greeks on politically awkward reforms. It’s one thing to grudgingly tolerate technocrats who are bleeding you dry in order to satisfy bankers, and quite another to work with development specialists who come to Greece bearing gifts.
Call it the Merkel plan, so that German Chancellor Angela Merkel might be remembered not as the jackbooted German who destroyed Greece but as the wise leader who tempered austerity with sensible mercy.
In the aftermath of World War II, the Allies, remembering the disastrous consequences of German reparations after the first World War, did not insist on their pound of flesh. The entire Nazi public debt, amounting to over 600 percent of German GDP, was written off.
The pre-existing unpaid debt from the Weimar period was written down to a fraction of its original cost. Claims on old debt were strictly segregated from German reconstruction funds. The German Federal Republic finally paid off the last bit only in 2010.
Germany surely lived well beyond its means during the Nazi era, plundering the rest of Europe as well. The allies would have been within their rights to demand that Germany pay for its sins by reducing its consumption, but this time wiser heads prevailed. The Americans not only agreed to write off old debts, but gave the Germans billions of dollars in Marshall Aid.
The German Federal Republic itself, after 1989, did not condemn the former East Germany to austerity as a remedy for its fictitious communist economy. Instead, Chancellor Helmut Kohl allowed the Ossies to exchange their nearly worthless ostmarks for deutsche marks at the inflated rate of 1 to 1, and then poured the equivalent of more than a trillion euros into the reconstruction of the eastern economy.
If the Allies, and later the government of Germany itself, had practiced what the Germans are now preaching, Germany today would be a much poorer country.
One recalls Edmund Burke’s sage 1775 oration addressed to George III on the perversity of the British government’s harsh policy towards its restive North American colonies. Burke averred, ‘‘The question with me is not whether you have a right to render your people miserable, but whether it is not your interest to make them happy.’’
Germany gains little and Europe stands to lose much by condemning the Greeks to misery as punishment for past profligacy. The Germans are also playing with fire. Greece is a nation that had a military dictatorship as recently as the 1974. No democracy can sustain this kind of economic punishment. What, then, to do?
Normally, a country that lost the confidence of its foreign lenders would devalue, disguising the decline in living standards and at the same time making its exports more competitive. But Greece ’s membership in the euro zone precludes that. It is also true that Greek public administration and tax collection are a mess.
So how to emulate the spirit of the Allies’ macroeconomic mercy toward the Germans after 1945 and the West German far-sighted generosity toward their Ossie cousins after 1989?
In June, the Greek Parliament voted for an austerity program of 28 billion euros in budget cuts and tax increases over five years. Because dwindling GDP produces lower revenues, the latest agreement requires some 6 billion more. These are devastating sums for Greece , but small in the context of the EU’s entire GDP, of which Greece is just 2 percent.
Why not couple Greek budget and tax reform with a large infusion of funds for economic modernization and public improvements in the spirit of the Marshall Plan?
Young Greeks, instead of looking at 40 percent unemployment, could gain productive jobs. The entire Greek economy would gain a big macroeconomic boost and a path to greater competitiveness.
Most importantly, the EU would gain the moral authority to work with Greeks on politically awkward reforms. It’s one thing to grudgingly tolerate technocrats who are bleeding you dry in order to satisfy bankers, and quite another to work with development specialists who come to Greece bearing gifts.
Call it the Merkel plan, so that German Chancellor Angela Merkel might be remembered not as the jackbooted German who destroyed Greece but as the wise leader who tempered austerity with sensible mercy.
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